Once the dam is breached, the rushing waters erode an ever wider and deeper path. The high state of climate seems to involve ocean currents that deliver an extraordinary amount of heat to the vicinity of Iceland and Norway. Flying above the clouds often presents an interesting picture when there are mountains below. More rain falling in the northern oceans—exactly what is predicted as a result of global warming—could stop salt flushing. Light switches abruptly change mode when nudged hard enough. Eventually that helps to melt ice sheets elsewhere. What is 3 sheets to the wind. That's because water density changes with temperature. In Greenland a given year's snowfall is compacted into ice during the ensuing years, trapping air bubbles, and so paleoclimate researchers have been able to glimpse ancient climates in some detail. That, in turn, makes the air drier. Europe is an anomaly. Glaciers pushing out into the ocean usually break off in chunks.
The Sheet In 3 Sheets To The Wind Crossword Puzzles
But our current warm-up, which started about 15, 000 years ago, began abruptly, with the temperature rising sharply while most of the ice was still present. Three sheets in the wind meaning. Greenland looks like that, even on a cloudless day—but the great white mass between the occasional punctuations is an ice sheet. Water falling as snow on Greenland carries an isotopic "fingerprint" of what the temperature was like en route. The fjords of Greenland offer some dramatic examples of the possibilities for freshwater floods. It could no longer do so if it lost the extra warming from the North Atlantic.
The most recent big cooling started about 12, 700 years ago, right in the midst of our last global warming. An abrupt cooling could happen now, and the world might not warm up again for a long time: it looks as if the last warm period, having lasted 13, 000 years, came to an end with an abrupt, prolonged cooling. The effects of an abrupt cold last for centuries. The sheet in 3 sheets to the wind crossword puzzles. What could possibly halt the salt-conveyor belt that brings tropical heat so much farther north and limits the formation of ice sheets? They were formerly thought to be very gradual, with both air temperature and ice sheets changing in a slow, 100, 000-year cycle tied to changes in the earth's orbit around the sun. This would be a worldwide problem—and could lead to a Third World War—but Europe's vulnerability is particularly easy to analyze.
Define Three Sheets In The Wind
We need to make sure that no business-as-usual climate variation, such as an El Niño or the North Atlantic Oscillation, can push our climate onto the slippery slope and into an abrupt cooling. Computer models might not yet be able to predict what will happen if we tamper with downwelling sites, but this problem doesn't seem insoluble. So freshwater blobs drift, sometimes causing major trouble, and Greenland floods thus have the potential to stop the enormous heat transfer that keeps the North Atlantic Current going strong. It's also clear that sufficient global warming could trigger an abrupt cooling in at least two ways—by increasing high-latitude rainfall or by melting Greenland's ice, both of which could put enough fresh water into the ocean surface to suppress flushing. Then it was hoped that the abrupt flips were somehow caused by continental ice sheets, and thus would be unlikely to recur, because we now lack huge ice sheets over Canada and Northern Europe. A slightly exaggerated version of our present know-something-do-nothing state of affairs is know-nothing-do-nothing: a reduction in science as usual, further limiting our chances of discovering a way out. It keeps northern Europe about nine to eighteen degrees warmer in the winter than comparable latitudes elsewhere—except when it fails. All we would need to do is open a channel through the ice dam with explosives before dangerous levels of water built up. Fjords are long, narrow canyons, little arms of the sea reaching many miles inland; they were carved by great glaciers when the sea level was lower.
Twenty thousand years ago a similar ice sheet lay atop the Baltic Sea and the land surrounding it. Feedbacks are what determine thresholds, where one mode flips into another. But the ice ages aren't what they used to be. When that annual flushing fails for some years, the conveyor belt stops moving and so heat stops flowing so far north—and apparently we're popped back into the low state. In discussing the ice ages there is a tendency to think of warm as good—and therefore of warming as better.
What Is 3 Sheets To The Wind
We need more well-trained people, bigger computers, more coring of the ocean floor and silted-up lakes, more ships to drag instrument packages through the depths, more instrumented buoys to study critical sites in detail, more satellites measuring regional variations in the sea surface, and perhaps some small-scale trial runs of interventions. Plummeting crop yields would cause some powerful countries to try to take over their neighbors or distant lands—if only because their armies, unpaid and lacking food, would go marauding, both at home and across the borders. Door latches suddenly give way. There seems to be no way of escaping the conclusion that global climate flips occur frequently and abruptly. Salt sinking on such a grand scale in the Nordic Seas causes warm water to flow much farther north than it might otherwise do. That increased quantities of greenhouse gases will lead to global warming is as solid a scientific prediction as can be found, but other things influence climate too, and some people try to escape confronting the consequences of our pumping more and more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere by supposing that something will come along miraculously to counteract them. Or divert eastern-Greenland meltwater to the less sensitive north and west coasts. And it sometimes changes its route dramatically, much as a bus route can be truncated into a shorter loop. Because water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas, this decrease in average humidity would cool things globally. Salt circulates, because evaporation up north causes it to sink and be carried south by deep currents. This scenario does not require that the shortsighted be in charge, only that they have enough influence to put the relevant science agencies on starvation budgets and to send recommendations back for yet another commission report due five years hence. "Southerly" Rome lies near the same latitude, 42°N, as "northerly" Chicago—and the most northerly major city in Asia is Beijing, near 40°. Unlike most ocean currents, the North Atlantic Current has a return loop that runs deep beneath the ocean surface. We need heat in the right places, such as the Greenland Sea, and not in others right next door, such as Greenland itself.
This tends to stagger the imagination, immediately conjuring up visions of terraforming on a science-fiction scale—and so we shake our heads and say, "Better to fight global warming by consuming less, " and so forth. But the regional record is poorly understood, and I know at least one reason why. Twice a year they sink, carrying their load of atmospheric gases downward. But we can't assume that anything like this will counteract our longer-term flurry of carbon-dioxide emissions. Whereas the familiar consequences of global warming will force expensive but gradual adjustments, the abrupt cooling promoted by man-made warming looks like a particularly efficient means of committing mass suicide. Man-made global warming is likely to achieve exactly the opposite—warming Greenland and cooling the Greenland Sea. This cold period, known as the Younger Dryas, is named for the pollen of a tundra flower that turned up in a lake bed in Denmark when it shouldn't have. What paleoclimate and oceanography researchers know of the mechanisms underlying such a climate flip suggests that global warming could start one in several different ways. Europe's climate could become more like Siberia's. Like bus routes or conveyor belts, ocean currents must have a return loop.
Three Sheets In The Wind Meaning
A stabilized climate must have a wide "comfort zone, " and be able to survive the El Niños of the short term. Alas, further warming might well kick us out of the "high state. " Our goal must be to stabilize the climate in its favorable mode and ensure that enough equatorial heat continues to flow into the waters around Greenland and Norway. North-south ocean currents help to redistribute equatorial heat into the temperate zones, supplementing the heat transfer by winds. Although the sun's energy output does flicker slightly, the likeliest reason for these abrupt flips is an intermittent problem in the North Atlantic Ocean, one that seems to trigger a major rearrangement of atmospheric circulation. Futurists have learned to bracket the future with alternative scenarios, each of which captures important features that cluster together, each of which is compact enough to be seen as a narrative on a human scale. It's happening right now:a North Atlantic Oscillation started in 1996. Broecker has written, "If you wanted to cool the planet by 5°C [9°F] and could magically alter the water-vapor content of the atmosphere, a 30 percent decrease would do the job. When this happens, something big, with worldwide connections, must be switching into a new mode of operation. But we may not have centuries for acquiring wisdom, and it would be wise to compress our learning into the years immediately ahead. Of this much we're sure: global climate flip-flops have frequently happened in the past, and they're likely to happen again. A gentle pull on a trigger may be ineffective, but there comes a pressure that will suddenly fire the gun. Up to this point in the story none of the broad conclusions is particularly speculative.
Further investigation might lead to revisions in such mechanistic explanations, but the result of adding fresh water to the ocean surface is pretty standard physics. Its snout ran into the opposite side, blocking the fjord with an ice dam. The last abrupt cooling, the Younger Dryas, drastically altered Europe's climate as far east as Ukraine. Suppose we had reports that winter salt flushing was confined to certain areas, that abrupt shifts in the past were associated with localized flushing failures, andthat one computer model after another suggested a solution that was likely to work even under a wide range of weather extremes. Oceanographers are busy studying present-day failures of annual flushing, which give some perspective on the catastrophic failures of the past. A remarkable amount of specious reasoning is often encountered when we contemplate reducing carbon-dioxide emissions. Present-day Europe has more than 650 million people. And in the absence of a flushing mechanism to sink cooled surface waters and send them southward in the Atlantic, additional warm waters do not flow as far north to replenish the supply.
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