Microbes using anaerobic respiration commonly have an intact Krebs cycle, so these organisms can access the energy of the NADH and FADH2 molecules formed. ATP Production H+ ions pass back across the mitochondrial membrane through the ATP synthase, causing the ATP synthase molecule to spin. 9.2 the process of cellular respiration answer key chemistry. Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, which becomes a reactant in the Krebs cycle. Cellular respiration is often expressed as a chemical equation: This equation shows that during cellular respiration, one glucose molecule is gradually broken down into carbon dioxide and water. Cellular respiration begins when electrons are transferred from NADH and FADH2—made in glycolysis, the transition reaction, and the Krebs cycle—through a series of chemical reactions to a final inorganic electron acceptor (either oxygen in aerobic respiration or non-oxygen inorganic molecules in anaerobic respiration).
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9.2 The Process Of Cellular Respiration Answer Key Question
Directions: Watch the video Energy Consumption: An Overview for a look at the different cellular processes responsible for generating and consuming energy. The NADH carries high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain, where they are used to produce ATP. 9.2 the process of cellular respiration answer key of life. Energy Extraction Each molecule of glucose results in 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, which enter the Krebs cycle. Electron transport is a series of chemical reactions that resembles a bucket brigade in that electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed rapidly from one ETS electron carrier to the next.
9.2 The Process Of Cellular Respiration Answer Key Quizlet
However, anaerobic respirers use altered ETS carriers encoded by their genomes, including distinct complexes for electron transfer to their final electron acceptors. The Krebs cycle is also known as the citric acid cycle because citric acid is the first compound formed in this series of reactions. Reward Your Curiosity. In aerobic respiration in mitochondria, the passage of electrons from one molecule of NADH generates enough proton motive force to make three ATP molecules by oxidative phosphorylation, whereas the passage of electrons from one molecule of FADH2 generates enough proton motive force to make only two ATP molecules. ATP synthase (like a combination of the intake and generator of a hydroelectric dam) is a complex protein that acts as a tiny generator, turning by the force of the H+ diffusing through the enzyme, down their electrochemical gradient from where there are many mutually repelling H+ to where there are fewer H+. Directions: Watch The Citric Acid Cycle: An Overview to see how pyruvate is broken down during the citric acid cycle. Electron Transport Energy generated by the electron transport chain is used to move H+ ions against a concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane and into the intermembrane space. Do both aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration use an electron transport chain? Biology 2010 Student Edition Chapter 9, Cellular Respiration and Fermentation - 9.2 - The Process of Cellular Respiration - 9.2 Assessment - Page 260 4a | GradeSaver. The potential energy of this electrochemical gradient generated by the ETS causes the H+ to diffuse across a membrane (the plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells and the inner membrane in mitochondria in eukaryotic cells). 16 summarizes the theoretical maximum yields of ATP from various processes during the complete aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule. Complex carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars like glucose. Describe the function and location of ATP synthase in a prokaryotic versus eukaryotic cell. When you are hungry, how do you feel?
9.2 The Process Of Cellular Respiration Answer Key Book
In reality, the total ATP yield is usually less, ranging from one to 34 ATP molecules, depending on whether the cell is using aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration; in eukaryotic cells, some energy is expended to transport intermediates from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria, affecting ATP yield. The number of ATP molecules generated from the catabolism of glucose varies. 2 ATP are usually required to bring the pyruvic acid into the matrix. 9.2 the process of cellular respiration answer key quiz. It's actually quite amazing. I tried my best to visually layout the metabolic pathways of Cellular Respiration for my AP Biology students.
9.2 The Process Of Cellular Respiration Answer Key Of Life
Therefore, for each glucose molecule, 6 CO2 molecules, 2 ATP molecules, 8 NADH molecules, and 2 FADH2 molecules are produced in the Kreb's cycle.. Electron Transport NADH and FADH2 pass their high-energy electrons to electron carrier proteins in the electron transport chain. Pages 12 to 22 are not shown in this preview. There is an uneven distribution of H+ across the membrane that establishes an electrochemical gradient because H+ ions are positively charged (electrical) and there is a higher concentration (chemical) on one side of the membrane. Directions: Watch Cellular Processes: Electron Transport Chain and Cellular Processes: ATP Synthase to learn how electrons are passed through proteins in the electron transport chain and ATP is produced. Explain the relationship between chemiosmosis and proton motive force. For example, the gram-negative opportunist Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the gram-negative cholera-causing Vibrio cholerae use cytochrome c oxidase, which can be detected by the oxidase test, whereas other gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae, like E. coli, are negative for this test because they produce different cytochrome oxidase types. I also think that even if you don't use fill-in-the.
9.2 The Process Of Cellular Respiration Answer Key Biology
Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis. Citric Acid Production Acetyl-CoA combines with a 4-carbon molecule to produce citric acid. If you like this these notes, you can follow these lin. This 22 slide PowerPoint presentation covers 8 questions on the topic of cellular respiration.
9.2 The Process Of Cellular Respiration Answer Key Quiz
Electron Transport System. The electron transport system (ETS) is the last component involved in the process of cellular respiration; it comprises a series of membrane-associated protein complexes and associated mobile accessory electron carriers (Figure 8. But how does the food you eat get converted into a usable form of energy for your cells? Glycolysis is an anaerobic process, meaning it occurs without oxygen. The turning of the parts of this molecular machine regenerates ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) by oxidative phosphorylation, a second mechanism for making ATP that harvests the potential energy stored within an electrochemical gradient.
9.2 The Process Of Cellular Respiration Answer Key Chemistry
Smaller electrochemical gradients are generated from these electron transfer systems, so less ATP is formed through anaerobic respiration. The Krebs Cycle During the Krebs cycle, the second stage of cellular respiration, pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis is broken down into carbon dioxide. Now that we have studied each stage of cellular respiration in detail, let's take another look at the equation that summarizes cellular respiration and see how various processes relate to it: Can be used with Cornell notes. Food serves as your source of energy. The electron transport chain (ETC) is the final stage of cellular respiration.
Many aerobically respiring bacteria, including E. coli, switch to using nitrate as a final electron acceptor and producing nitrite when oxygen levels have been depleted. For example, the number of hydrogen ions that the electron transport system complexes can pump through the membrane varies between different species of organisms. The energy of the electrons is harvested to generate an electrochemical gradient across the membrane, which is used to make ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. The remaining 64 percent is released as heat. Glycolysis is the first set of reactions that occur during cellular respiration. With each rotation, the ATP synthase attaches a phosphate to ADP to produce ATP. The cell lacks genes encoding enzymes to minimize the severely damaging effects of dangerous oxygen radicals produced during aerobic respiration, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or superoxide. The remaining 2 carbon atoms react to form acetyl-CoA.
The tendency for movement in this way is much like water accumulated on one side of a dam, moving through the dam when opened. You're Reading a Free Preview. These notes include Glycolysis, Oxidation of Pyruvate, Krebs Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation, and Anaerobic Respiration. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. Directions: Watch Glycolysis: An Overview to see how glucose is broken down during the process of glycolysis. Lipids and proteins can be broken down into molecules that enter the Krebs cycle or glycolysis at one of several places. There are many types of anaerobic respiration found in bacteria and archaea. All in all, the breakdown of a single molecule of glucose yields 36 molecules of ATP. If you are like most people, you feel sluggish, a little dizzy, and weak. These nutrients enter your cells and are converted into adenosine triphosphate ( ATP). By the end of this section, you will be able to: - Compare and contrast the electron transport system location and function in a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell. At the end of the electron transport chain, the electrons combine with H+ ions and oxygen to form water.
ATP is a source of usable energy for cells and is the key energy molecule for all biological organisms. Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration. In aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor (i. e., the one having the most positive redox potential) at the end of the ETS is an oxygen molecule (O2) that becomes reduced to water (H2O) by the final ETS carrier. These carriers can pass electrons along in the ETS because of their redox potential. Cellular Respiration Summary. Energy Extraction Citric acid is broken down into a 5-carbon compound and then a 4-carbon compound. Citric Acid Production Once pyruvic acid is in the mitochondrial matrix, NAD+ accepts 2 high-energy electrons to form NADH. At this point, try not to worry about the names of compounds or the details of the processes shown. Equation for Cellular Respiration. When you eat, your body digests the food into smaller chemical compounds like sugars (glucose), fats, and proteins.
This electron carrier, cytochrome oxidase, differs between bacterial types and can be used to differentiate closely related bacteria for diagnoses. In prokaryotic cells, H+ is pumped to the outside of the cytoplasmic membrane (called the periplasmic space in gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria), and in eukaryotic cells, they are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrane space. However, it usually results in the production of 36 ATP molecules. We have just discussed two pathways in glucose catabolism—glycolysis and the Krebs cycle—that generate ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation. Under aerobic conditions (i. e., oxygen is present), the pyruvate and NADH molecules made during glycolysis move from the cytoplasm into the matrix of the mitochondria. This electrochemical gradient formed by the accumulation of H+ (also known as a proton) on one side of the membrane compared with the other is referred to as the proton motive force (PMF).
Most ATP, however, is generated during a separate process called oxidative phosphorylation, which occurs during cellular respiration. Everything you want to read.
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