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Glycolysis is an anaerobic process, meaning it occurs without oxygen. Cellular Respiration Summary. 16 summarizes the theoretical maximum yields of ATP from various processes during the complete aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule. Chapter 9 Student Edition Full | PDF | Cellular Respiration | Glycolysis. Beyond the use of the PMF to make ATP, as discussed in this chapter, the PMF can also be used to drive other energetically unfavorable processes, including nutrient transport and flagella rotation for motility. So each molecule of glucose results in two complete "turns" of the Krebs cycle. The electron transport system (ETS) is the last component involved in the process of cellular respiration; it comprises a series of membrane-associated protein complexes and associated mobile accessory electron carriers (Figure 8.
9.2 The Process Of Cellular Respiration Answer Key Sample
Chemiosmosis, Proton Motive Force, and Oxidative Phosphorylation. Electron Transport Energy generated by the electron transport chain is used to move H+ ions against a concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane and into the intermembrane space. Carbons are broken down and released as carbon dioxide while ATP is made and electrons are passed to electron carriers, NADH and FADH2. What are the functions of the proton motive force? 9.2 the process of cellular respiration answer key check unofficial. ATP Production H+ ions pass back across the mitochondrial membrane through the ATP synthase, causing the ATP synthase molecule to spin. Do both aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration use an electron transport chain? There pyruvate feeds into the next stage of respiration, which is called the citric acid cycle (or Krebs cycle). You're Reading a Free Preview.
Overall, the theoretical maximum yield of ATP made during the complete aerobic respiration of glucose is 38 molecules, with four being made by substrate-level phosphorylation and 34 being made by oxidative phosphorylation (Figure 8. At this point, try not to worry about the names of compounds or the details of the processes shown. ATP synthase (like a combination of the intake and generator of a hydroelectric dam) is a complex protein that acts as a tiny generator, turning by the force of the H+ diffusing through the enzyme, down their electrochemical gradient from where there are many mutually repelling H+ to where there are fewer H+. 9.2 the process of cellular respiration answer key sample. Main points include: respiraton, what happens during respiration, mitochondria, the two stages of respiration, the respiration equation, comparing photosynthesis with respiration, fermentation, and the two types of fermentation. Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis.
9.2 The Process Of Cellular Respiration Answer Key Quizlet
Along the way, ATP (energy for cells) is produced. 9.2 the process of cellular respiration answer key examples. These ATP molecules come from glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. The turning of the parts of this molecular machine regenerates ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) by oxidative phosphorylation, a second mechanism for making ATP that harvests the potential energy stored within an electrochemical gradient. Energy Extraction Citric acid is broken down into a 5-carbon compound and then a 4-carbon compound. The cell lacks genes encoding enzymes to minimize the severely damaging effects of dangerous oxygen radicals produced during aerobic respiration, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or superoxide.
These carriers can pass electrons along in the ETS because of their redox potential. This electrochemical gradient formed by the accumulation of H+ (also known as a proton) on one side of the membrane compared with the other is referred to as the proton motive force (PMF). At the end of the electron transport chain, the electrons combine with H+ ions and oxygen to form water. The four major classes of electron carriers involved in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic electron transport systems are the cytochromes, flavoproteins, iron-sulfur proteins, and the quinones. Watch for a general overview. These nutrients enter your cells and are converted into adenosine triphosphate ( ATP). Citric Acid Production Acetyl-CoA combines with a 4-carbon molecule to produce citric acid. Food serves as your source of energy.
9.2 The Process Of Cellular Respiration Answer Key Unit
The answer is cellular respiration. Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, which becomes a reactant in the Krebs cycle. Many aerobically respiring bacteria, including E. coli, switch to using nitrate as a final electron acceptor and producing nitrite when oxygen levels have been depleted. The NADH carries high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain, where they are used to produce ATP. 2 ATP are usually required to bring the pyruvic acid into the matrix.
However, anaerobic respirers use altered ETS carriers encoded by their genomes, including distinct complexes for electron transfer to their final electron acceptors. When you are hungry, how do you feel? One possible alternative to aerobic respiration is anaerobic respiration, using an inorganic molecule other than oxygen as a final electron acceptor. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. The electron transport chain (ETC) is the final stage of cellular respiration. Citric Acid Production Pyruvic acid from glycolysis enters the matrix, the innermost compartment of the mitochondrion. Cellular respiration is often expressed as a chemical equation: This equation shows that during cellular respiration, one glucose molecule is gradually broken down into carbon dioxide and water. We have just discussed two pathways in glucose catabolism—glycolysis and the Krebs cycle—that generate ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation. With each rotation, the ATP synthase attaches a phosphate to ADP to produce ATP. In prokaryotic cells, H+ flows from the outside of the cytoplasmic membrane into the cytoplasm, whereas in eukaryotic mitochondria, H+ flows from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix.
9.2 The Process Of Cellular Respiration Answer Key Check Unofficial
Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration. This flow of hydrogen ions across the membrane, called chemiosmosis, must occur through a channel in the membrane via a membrane-bound enzyme complex called ATP synthase (Figure 8. Learning Objectives. Most ATP, however, is generated during a separate process called oxidative phosphorylation, which occurs during cellular respiration. The Krebs Cycle During the Krebs cycle, the second stage of cellular respiration, pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis is broken down into carbon dioxide. The energy of the electrons is harvested to generate an electrochemical gradient across the membrane, which is used to make ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. I tried my best to visually layout the metabolic pathways of Cellular Respiration for my AP Biology students. The tendency for movement in this way is much like water accumulated on one side of a dam, moving through the dam when opened. Great for middle school or introductory high school courses. Energy Totals In the presence of oxygen, the complete breakdown of glucose through cellular respiration could produce 38 ATP molecules. Overall, 2 molecules of ATP are produced. These notes include Glycolysis, Oxidation of Pyruvate, Krebs Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation, and Anaerobic Respiration. The potential energy of this electrochemical gradient generated by the ETS causes the H+ to diffuse across a membrane (the plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells and the inner membrane in mitochondria in eukaryotic cells).
The cell lacks a sufficient amount of oxygen to carry out aerobic respiration. There are many circumstances under which aerobic respiration is not possible, including any one or more of the following: - The cell lacks genes encoding an appropriate cytochrome oxidase for transferring electrons to oxygen at the end of the electron transport system. Under aerobic conditions (i. e., oxygen is present), the pyruvate and NADH molecules made during glycolysis move from the cytoplasm into the matrix of the mitochondria. Because the ions involved are H+, a pH gradient is also established, with the side of the membrane having the higher concentration of H+ being more acidic. The remaining 64 percent is released as heat. Reward Your Curiosity. Describe the function and location of ATP synthase in a prokaryotic versus eukaryotic cell. In reality, the total ATP yield is usually less, ranging from one to 34 ATP molecules, depending on whether the cell is using aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration; in eukaryotic cells, some energy is expended to transport intermediates from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria, affecting ATP yield. This electron carrier, cytochrome oxidase, differs between bacterial types and can be used to differentiate closely related bacteria for diagnoses. Cellular respiration begins when electrons are transferred from NADH and FADH2—made in glycolysis, the transition reaction, and the Krebs cycle—through a series of chemical reactions to a final inorganic electron acceptor (either oxygen in aerobic respiration or non-oxygen inorganic molecules in anaerobic respiration). Energy Totals The cell can generate ATP from just about any source, even though we've modeled it using only glucose. Equation for Cellular Respiration.
9.2 The Process Of Cellular Respiration Answer Key Examples
Compare and contrast the differences between substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation. By the end of this section, you will be able to: - Compare and contrast the electron transport system location and function in a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell. In aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor (i. e., the one having the most positive redox potential) at the end of the ETS is an oxygen molecule (O2) that becomes reduced to water (H2O) by the final ETS carrier. Microbes using anaerobic respiration commonly have an intact Krebs cycle, so these organisms can access the energy of the NADH and FADH2 molecules formed. This 22 slide PowerPoint presentation covers 8 questions on the topic of cellular respiration. These electron transfers take place on the inner part of the cell membrane of prokaryotic cells or in specialized protein complexes in the inner membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. Now that we have studied each stage of cellular respiration in detail, let's take another look at the equation that summarizes cellular respiration and see how various processes relate to it: Directions: Watch the video Energy Consumption: An Overview for a look at the different cellular processes responsible for generating and consuming energy. Citric Acid Production Once pyruvic acid is in the mitochondrial matrix, NAD+ accepts 2 high-energy electrons to form NADH. For example, the gram-negative opportunist Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the gram-negative cholera-causing Vibrio cholerae use cytochrome c oxidase, which can be detected by the oxidase test, whereas other gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae, like E. coli, are negative for this test because they produce different cytochrome oxidase types. Glycolysis Glycolysis - first stage of cellular respiration. There is an uneven distribution of H+ across the membrane that establishes an electrochemical gradient because H+ ions are positively charged (electrical) and there is a higher concentration (chemical) on one side of the membrane.
Cellular Respiration: The Citric Acid Cycle (or Krebs Cycle). A large amount of ATP is generated during this stage — 32 ATP molecules to be exact!