The last abrupt cooling, the Younger Dryas, drastically altered Europe's climate as far east as Ukraine. When this happens, something big, with worldwide connections, must be switching into a new mode of operation. They even show the flips. I hope never to see a failure of the northernmost loop of the North Atlantic Current, because the result would be a population crash that would take much of civilization with it, all within a decade. The sheet in 3 sheets to the wind crossword puzzles. The Mediterranean waters flowing out of the bottom of the Strait of Gibraltar into the Atlantic Ocean are about 10 percent saltier than the ocean's average, and so they sink into the depths of the Atlantic. Canada's agriculture supports about 28 million people. Surface waters are flushed regularly, even in lakes.
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We might create a rain shadow, seeding clouds so that they dropped their unsalted water well upwind of a given year's critical flushing sites—a strategy that might be particularly important in view of the increased rainfall expected from global warming. N. London and Paris are close to the 49°N line that, west of the Great Lakes, separates the United States from Canada. Thus we might dig a wide sea-level Panama Canal in stages, carefully managing the changeover. We need heat in the right places, such as the Greenland Sea, and not in others right next door, such as Greenland itself. The sheet in 3 sheets to the wind crossword answer. Just as an El Niño produces a hotter Equator in the Pacific Ocean and generates more atmospheric convection, so there might be a subnormal mode that decreases heat, convection, and evaporation. Huge amounts of seawater sink at known downwelling sites every winter, with the water heading south when it reaches the bottom. We are in a warm period now. Thermostats tend to activate heating or cooling mechanisms abruptly—also an example of a system that pushes back.
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There is also a great deal of unsalted water in Greenland's glaciers, just uphill from the major salt sinks. We need more well-trained people, bigger computers, more coring of the ocean floor and silted-up lakes, more ships to drag instrument packages through the depths, more instrumented buoys to study critical sites in detail, more satellites measuring regional variations in the sea surface, and perhaps some small-scale trial runs of interventions. Paleoclimatic records reveal that any notion we may once have had that the climate will remain the same unless pollution changes it is wishful thinking. Five months after the ice dam at the Russell fjord formed, it broke, dumping a cubic mile of fresh water in only twenty-four hours. It was initially hoped that the abrupt warmings and coolings were just an oddity of Greenland's weather—but they have now been detected on a worldwide scale, and at about the same time. The sheet in 3 sheets to the wind crosswords eclipsecrossword. The effects of an abrupt cold last for centuries. Plummeting crop yields would cause some powerful countries to try to take over their neighbors or distant lands—if only because their armies, unpaid and lacking food, would go marauding, both at home and across the borders.
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Counting those tree-ring-like layers in the ice cores shows that cooling came on as quickly as droughts. Keeping the present climate from falling back into the low state will in any case be a lot easier than trying to reverse such a change after it has occurred. Present-day Europe has more than 650 million people. The modern world is full of objects and systems that exhibit "bistable" modes, with thresholds for flipping. There used to be a tropical shortcut, an express route from Atlantic to Pacific, but continental drift connected North America to South America about three million years ago, damming up the easy route for disposing of excess salt. Whereas the familiar consequences of global warming will force expensive but gradual adjustments, the abrupt cooling promoted by man-made warming looks like a particularly efficient means of committing mass suicide. Many ice sheets had already half melted, dumping a lot of fresh water into the ocean. "Southerly" Rome lies near the same latitude, 42°N, as "northerly" Chicago—and the most northerly major city in Asia is Beijing, near 40°.
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That increased quantities of greenhouse gases will lead to global warming is as solid a scientific prediction as can be found, but other things influence climate too, and some people try to escape confronting the consequences of our pumping more and more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere by supposing that something will come along miraculously to counteract them. Yet another precursor, as Henry Stommel suggested in 1961, would be the addition of fresh water to the ocean surface, diluting the salt-heavy surface waters before they became unstable enough to start sinking. In places this frozen fresh water descends from the highlands in a wavy staircase. Subarctic ocean currents were reaching the southern California coastline, and Santa Barbara must have been as cold as Juneau is now. For a quarter century global-warming theorists have predicted that climate creep is going to occur and that we need to prevent greenhouse gases from warming things up, thereby raising the sea level, destroying habitats, intensifying storms, and forcing agricultural rearrangements. Obviously, local failures can occur without catastrophe—it's a question of how often and how widespread the failures are—but the present state of decline is not very reassuring. Man-made global warming is likely to achieve exactly the opposite—warming Greenland and cooling the Greenland Sea. The only reason that two percent of our population can feed the other 98 percent is that we have a well-developed system of transportation and middlemen—but it is not very robust. Now we know—and from an entirely different group of scientists exploring separate lines of reasoning and data—that the most catastrophic result of global warming could be an abrupt cooling. This would be a worldwide problem—and could lead to a Third World War—but Europe's vulnerability is particularly easy to analyze.
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Implementing it might cost no more, in relative terms, than building a medieval cathedral. The fjords of Greenland offer some dramatic examples of the possibilities for freshwater floods. The back and forth of the ice started 2. Rather than a vigorous program of studying regional climatic change, we see the shortsighted preaching of cheaper government at any cost. Futurists have learned to bracket the future with alternative scenarios, each of which captures important features that cluster together, each of which is compact enough to be seen as a narrative on a human scale. With the population crash spread out over a decade, there would be ample opportunity for civilization's institutions to be torn apart and for hatreds to build, as armies tried to grab remaining resources simply to feed the people in their own countries. Increasing amounts of sea ice and clouds could reflect more sunlight back into space, but the geochemist Wallace Broecker suggests that a major greenhouse gas is disturbed by the failure of the salt conveyor, and that this affects the amount of heat retained. But our current warm-up, which started about 15, 000 years ago, began abruptly, with the temperature rising sharply while most of the ice was still present. Eventually such ice dams break, with spectacular results. Instead we would try one thing after another, creating a patchwork of solutions that might hold for another few decades, allowing the search for a better stabilizing mechanism to continue.
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The fact that excess salt is flushed from surface waters has global implications, some of them recognized two centuries ago. I call the colder one the "low state. " Computer models might not yet be able to predict what will happen if we tamper with downwelling sites, but this problem doesn't seem insoluble. This El Niño-like shift in the atmospheric-circulation pattern over the North Atlantic, from the Azores to Greenland, often lasts a decade. Europe's climate could become more like Siberia's. We might undertake to regulate the Mediterranean's salty outflow, which is also thought to disrupt the North Atlantic Current. Eventually that helps to melt ice sheets elsewhere. Temperature records suggest that there is some grand mechanism underlying all of this, and that it has two major states. But we may be able to do something to delay an abrupt cooling. We can design for that in computer models of climate, just as architects design earthquake-resistant skyscrapers. They were formerly thought to be very gradual, with both air temperature and ice sheets changing in a slow, 100, 000-year cycle tied to changes in the earth's orbit around the sun.
The last time an abrupt cooling occurred was in the midst of global warming. Three scenarios for the next climatic phase might be called population crash, cheap fix, and muddling through. By 250, 000 years ago Homo erectushad died out, after a run of almost two million years. We cannot avoid trouble by merely cutting down on our present warming trend, though that's an excellent place to start. It's also clear that sufficient global warming could trigger an abrupt cooling in at least two ways—by increasing high-latitude rainfall or by melting Greenland's ice, both of which could put enough fresh water into the ocean surface to suppress flushing. That's because water density changes with temperature. It's happening right now:a North Atlantic Oscillation started in 1996.
This salty waterfall is more like thirty Amazon Rivers combined. To stabilize our flip-flopping climate we'll need to identify all the important feedbacks that control climate and ocean currents—evaporation, the reflection of sunlight back into space, and so on—and then estimate their relative strengths and interactions in computer models. Volcanos spew sulfates, as do our own smokestacks, and these reflect some sunlight back into space, particularly over the North Atlantic and Europe. Although the sun's energy output does flicker slightly, the likeliest reason for these abrupt flips is an intermittent problem in the North Atlantic Ocean, one that seems to trigger a major rearrangement of atmospheric circulation. Medieval cathedral builders learned from their design mistakes over the centuries, and their undertakings were a far larger drain on the economic resources and people power of their day than anything yet discussed for stabilizing the climate in the twenty-first century. Large-scale flushing at both those sites is certainly a highly variable process, and perhaps a somewhat fragile one as well. Out of the sea of undulating white clouds mountain peaks stick up like islands. When the warm currents penetrate farther than usual into the northern seas, they help to melt the sea ice that is reflecting a lot of sunlight back into space, and so the earth becomes warmer. Further investigation might lead to revisions in such mechanistic explanations, but the result of adding fresh water to the ocean surface is pretty standard physics. These blobs, pushed down by annual repetitions of these late-winter events, flow south, down near the bottom of the Atlantic. These northern ice sheets were as high as Greenland's mountains, obstacles sufficient to force the jet stream to make a detour. If blocked by ice dams, fjords make perfect reservoirs for meltwater. Feedbacks are what determine thresholds, where one mode flips into another.
They might not be the end of Homo sapiens—written knowledge and elementary education might well endure—but the world after such a population crash would certainly be full of despotic governments that hated their neighbors because of recent atrocities. This warm water then flows up the Norwegian coast, with a westward branch warming Greenland's tip, at 60°N. That might result in less evaporation, creating lower-than-normal levels of greenhouse gases and thus a global cooling. Twice a year they sink, carrying their load of atmospheric gases downward. Although I don't consider this scenario to be the most likely one, it is possible that solutions could turn out to be cheap and easy, and that another abrupt cooling isn't inevitable. The scale of the response will be far beyond the bounds of regulation—more like when excess warming triggers fire extinguishers in the ceiling, ruining the contents of the room while cooling them down. The U. S. Geological Survey took old lake-bed cores out of storage and re-examined them. To see how ocean circulation might affect greenhouse gases, we must try to account quantitatively for important nonlinearities, ones in which little nudges provoke great responses. Twenty thousand years ago a similar ice sheet lay atop the Baltic Sea and the land surrounding it. One is diminished wind chill, when winds aren't as strong as usual, or as cold, or as dry—as is the case in the Labrador Sea during the North Atlantic Oscillation. It could no longer do so if it lost the extra warming from the North Atlantic. The Atlantic would be even saltier if it didn't mix with the Pacific, in long, loopy currents. What paleoclimate and oceanography researchers know of the mechanisms underlying such a climate flip suggests that global warming could start one in several different ways.
The artist has to take a drink for every 20 seconds that went by before someone figured out what they were drawing. What is 'Guess What I Ask! It's beautiful in its simplicity. They can toss the coin or flip the coin with their thumb. Ending this list without a drinking card game for couples feels unfair, so here's Higher or Lower. Once you can't continue with a fact, or you take more than 5 seconds to say it, you lose around. To these questions, you can answer yes or no; nothing else is valid. Put a dollar on the Pizza box (Next person to land on it, gets it). You'll need: A camera. Play: Pizza Box Drinking Game | Rules & Ideas For Friday Fun. Amongst the multiple ways out there to keep relationships interesting, drinking games for couples is something that always wins. Anyone who answers a question asked by the Question Master at any point during the game has to drink. Try swapping beer with spiked seltzers or champagne if that's what you're into. ) Compliment X person. Start by playing "Thunderstruck" by AC/DC.
Pizza And Drinks Games
These fun games for couples are interesting and great for adding some chemistry to your date, but nothing is more important than your comfort and safety. Besides getting drunk, and getting romantic, of course, some of the games tend to laugh your hearts out. You Bet - It's a game of chance where anything can happen. A Note About Stag Do Drinking Games. Equipment needed: A pizza box | One coin | Marker | Shots. So find your new favorite drinking games and get this party started! Pizza box drinking game ideas and thoughts. We sometimes did the middle cup as a shot or a mix of whatever liquors we used — that's the final cup. This not only makes you both drunk (unless you know every single thing about your partner) but also helps see how strong your relationship with your partner is. Guess Who - It's an oldie but a goldie and a great icebreaker to get started. Instead of launching ping pong balls into red solo cups, elevate your party with these plastic prosecco glasses. Spectators can choose to join the game for real, if there are less than 8 current players.
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Firstly you have to know some information about each other. As you play the game, complete whatever task is on your Jenga log until the tower falls. Every time you guess wrong, you have to drink for each card shown already, even if you guessed them right. Whoever makes any reaction, be it a smile, a snicker, or a giggle, has to take a shot.
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Of course, you could just play some random drinking games for adults, which are undoubtedly fun, but, why not try some personalized ones which will bring lots of love? Whoever remains the last to finish the cards, has to drink, and complete a dare (optional). Well, this is more of a challenge. To make it easier, you can also name characters from movies or TV shows. Take your bachelorette party games to the next level by offering prizes. The game starts when everyone is seated in a circle and dealt one card—the player with the lowest ranking card becomes the dealer. But if the guess is wrong, the dealer tells the guesser whether the card is lower or higher than their first guess. Pizza box drinking game ideas worth. Step 3: Once the coin lands on the box, they must then use the magic marker to draw some sort of shape around the coin and then write in a task, challenge, game, or dare in the shape they have just crated. TYPE OF GAME: Drinking game. If the answer is right, the group drinks—but if the answer is wrong, the bride drinks.
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Options: Future features/changes. Before the trip, stock up on plenty of mini shot bottles of all flavors. Plus, it's available with Amazon Prime one-day shipping for last-minute shopping. ) The bowl then gets passed around the circle for every turn. Pizza and drinks games. Don't write the whole dare down, instead just use a keyword. Next, you both take turns tossing the coin. If you're wrong twice (accidentally), you have to remove one piece of clothing. Firstly, one of you calls heads or tails, and the other flips the coin.
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First team round the board wins. Who would've thought Jenga gets you drunk? Jack: Never have I ever. Oh, and in 'You Laugh, You Lose', just the idea of seeing two drunk people laughing is funny enough! Pick your box, and know the rules! 18 Couples Drinking Games To Get Drunk In Love - Made For Our Love Birds. So, ask as many questions as you want and as long as you're having a good time drinking and asking questions to each other, this drinking game for couples can take any turns you want it to. 15 Thoughtful Gifts for Fans of 'The Last of Us'.
I knew, like, four people there. But if they guess wrong, they have to drink twice. The rules of this card game are very simple, and it's the perfect game not to have any bias at all; one of you is dealt a card and has to guess if the next card is higher or lower. Alexqguo/pizza-box-game: Another drinking game. The Knot Shop Prosecco Pong, $15, If you're in the market for easy activities, printable bachelorette party games may be the way to go. It's the perfect way to liven any evening up and can lead to memories which you will all cherish for the lifetime of your connections. If you do not make the quarter into the box within two tries, you must drink, and your turn ends; pass the quarter. Ask your partner about the story, such as 'What was that story with your boss again?